journal F cijkl = Picture 2 + ? x ijkl + ? y ijkl + ? c ( ? x ijkl ) + ? c ( ? y ijkl )
ijkl and yijkl equal 0. xijkl indicates local-spouse-hypergamy (migrant spouse is more educated than local spouse), and yijkl indicates local-spouse-hypogamy (migrant spouse is less educated than local spouse). Thus, when i equals 0 and j equals 1 (migrant husband and local wife), xijkl equals 1 if k > l and 0 otherwise, yijkl equals 1 if k < l>
Next, we scale ining the way the probability of hukou intermarriage changes that have per spouse’s education (Gullickson and Torche, 2014), and we also next evaluate variation when you look at the field replace among them locations.
journal F cijkl = Equation dos + ? p = step one 2 ? p u pij + ? q = 1 dos ? q w qij + ? c ? p = step 1 2 ? p you pij + ? c ? q = step one dos ? q w qij
When i equals j (hukou homogamy), both upij and wqij equal 0. upij measures the education effects for migrant spouses to form hukou intermarriages, and wqij measures the education effects for local spouses to form hukou intermarriages. When i equals 0 and j equals 1 (migrant husband and local wife), upij equals 1 if k >p and wqij equals 1 if l > q; when i equals 1 and j equals 0 (local husband and migrant wife), upij equals 1 if l > p and wqij equals 1 if k > q.
Thus, this model estimates separately how migrants’ and locals’ likelihoods of marrying across hukou boundaries change as their educations change. Specifically, ?p and ?q capture how the log-odds of hukou intermarriage change for migrants and locals, respectively, when moving up one level of education from either p or q (e.g., from less than high school to high school). Positive values of ? indicate that the odds of hukou intermarriage increase as migrant spouses’ educations increase, and negative values indicate that the odds of hukou intermarriage decrease as migrant spouses’ educations increase. ? provides the same information for local spouses. We expect ? to be positive and S to be negative, and we expect n and ? to be less pronounced in Shanghai than in Shenzhen.
Descriptive Performance
Detailed results in Table 1 reveal hukou area pairings out-of spouses because of the urban area. In the Shanghai, about 47% away from micro-census was basically contracted ranging from a few migrants; inside Shenzhen, one to percentage are more than 70%. Regarding 38% of marriages with it two local partners during the Shanghai, while fifteen% regarding marriages had two regional partners in Shenzhen. Obviously, individuals had a tendency to get married within their hukou condition classification in both locations. In both towns and cities, marriage ceremonies ranging from a location spouse and you can a good migrant partner were much likely to be than simply marriages ranging from an excellent migrant spouse and you can a community partner to happen (13% versus. 3% inside Shanghai and you will 11% compared to. 4% in the Shenzhen). This new percentage of hukou area homogamy is similar in the a couple of places. Yet, we need to interpret the outcome which have caution, since share off migrants differs in these a few urban centers. The cousin size of migrants and you can natives creates architectural marital opportunities for individuals to get potential spouses and finally ). Log-linear analysis lets us examine the level of hukou homogamy, online of your own compositional outcomes, because of the dealing with to have limited distributions out of hukou status.
Table step one.
I very first present brand new withdrawals of degree attainment having migrant husbands, local husbands, migrant wives, and you can regional wives inside per town, respectively, within the Contour step 1 . On average, migrants is quicker experienced than simply residents, despite gender, in both Shanghai and you will Shenzhen. Among migrants, men are greatest knowledgeable than simply women in one another Shanghai and Shenzhen. However, one of locals, the fresh gender gap inside knowledge try both small otherwise corrected: regional dudes an average of are only quite finest experienced than their feminine competitors inside Shenzhen, and you may regional female on average be more knowledgeable than its male alternatives into the Shanghai. Log-linear activities handle on education inequalities ranging from people and you will anywhere between residents and you may migrants to fully capture brand new relationships anywhere between spouses’ education and you can anywhere between informative and you may hukou locality assortative mating, websites of the limited distributions off spouses’ kissbrides.com Resurssit traits.